Modulation index (depth) based grouping, addressing, and fingerprinting rfid tags

ABSTRACT

A method of addressing one or more RFID devices within a group of RFID devices includes transmitting a command to respond to the group at a first modulation depth. The method further includes receiving a response from a first sub-group of RFID devices in the group that have a minimum modulation depth less than or equal to the first modulation depth. The method further includes transmitting the command to respond to the group at a second modulation depth higher than the first modulation depth. The method further includes receiving a response from a second sub-group of RFID devices within the group that have a minimum modulation depth less than or equal to the second modulation depth. The method is also directed to authenticating RFIDs by comparing a measured minimum modulation depth to a known minimum modulation depth.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 14/587,772 filed Dec. 31,2014. The disclosure of the prior application is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

RFID tags are commonly used to identify persons or goods. RFID tags areusually designed to be compact and not require a battery. Due to thesedesign constraints, RFID tags generally do not have sophisticated memoryor processing capability. As a result, nearly all of the processing,management, and power functionality must be provided by the RFID reader.This can be overly burdensome on the reader, particularly if a largenumber of tags are within range of the reader, which occurs frequentlyin commercial applications. The reader must handle the volume ofcommunications generated by the tags, organize and identify the tags,and send communications to specific tags. Additionally, if more than onetag responds simultaneously to a query, they will interfere with eachother. For this reason, tag identification is an important readerfunction.

RFID readers use a method called singulation to identify specific tagswithin a group of tags within range. The singulation protocol oranti-collision protocol prevents tags from interfering with each other,allowing the reader to read data from each tag.

EPC Class 1, Generation 2 (Gen2 protocol) RFID devices use an algorithmsimilar to slotted ALOHA, called Q-algorithm for singulation. TheQ-algorithm is illustrated in FIG. 1. In the Q-algorithm, a Q-parameteris created and all tags are instructed to create a random number for thecounter, between 0 and 2̂Q−1. The reader then instructs each tag torespond only if its random number is zero, otherwise to decrement itsrandom number by one for the next round. The critical part of thealgorithm is initial value of Q. If Q is too large, time will be wastedwhile tags decrement their random numbers to zero. If it is too small,some tags may guess the same random number, will collide, and will needto be re-identified. In either case, singulation time can be long if thenumber of tags is very different from 2̂Q. All current approaches todetermining Q are blind adaptive methods which include some initialguess of Q and its further refinement.

After singulation is finished, tags can be addressed individually (bytheir EPC IDs) and told to stay quiet (for this purpose, special bitscalled session inventory flags are used). However, these flags expire(typically, in several minutes) and reset to defaults due to dischargeof internal tag capacitors.

There remains a need in the art for a reliably faster and more permanentmethod of identifying RFID tags.

SUMMARY

A method of addressing one or more RFID devices within a group of RFIDdevices includes transmitting a command to respond to the group at afirst modulation depth. The method further includes receiving a responsefrom a first sub-group of RFID devices in the group that have a minimummodulation depth less than or equal to the first modulation depth. Themethod further includes transmitting the command to respond to the groupat a second modulation depth higher than the first modulation depth. Themethod further includes receiving a response from a second sub-group ofRFID devices within the group that have a minimum modulation depth lessthan or equal to the second modulation depth.

In some embodiments, the method further includes performing singulationon the first sub-group. In some embodiments, the singulation isperformed using the Q-algorithm. In some embodiments, the method furtherincludes associating the first sub-group of RFID devices with a firstcategory of products, and associating the second sub-group of RFIDdevices with a second category of products. In some embodiments, themethod further includes identifying a product based on a minimummodulation depth of an RFID device associated with the product. In someembodiments, the method further includes placing one of the firstsub-group of RFID devices in a first location, placing one of the secondsub-group of RFID devices in a second location, and identifying thefirst or second location based on a minimum modulation depth of the RFIDdevice at that location.

An RFID system includes a first group of RFID devices having a firstminimum modulation depth. The system further includes a second group ofRFID devices having a second minimum modulation depth higher than thefirst minimum modulation depth. The system further includes an RFIDcommunicator having a transmitter that transmits signals to the RFIDdevices. The RFID communicator further includes a controller that usesthe transmitter to send a first signal to the RFID devices at a firstmodulation depth, and send a second signal to the RFID devices at asecond modulation depth. The first modulation depth is greater than orequal to the first minimum modulation depth and less than the secondminimum modulation depth. The second modulation depth is greater than orequal to the second minimum modulation depth. The first group of RFIDdevices respond to the first and second signals. The second group ofRFID devices respond to the second signal and do not respond to thefirst signal.

In some embodiments, the controller singulates the first group of RFIDdevices. In some embodiments, the controller uses the Q-algorithm tosingulate the first group of RFID devices. In some embodiments, the RFIDcommunicator further includes a receiver that receives signals from theRFID devices. In some embodiments, the controller demodulates signalsreceived with the receiver. In some embodiments, the signals areamplitude modulated. In some embodiments, the system further includes anRFID device with a minimum modulation depth that is stored in thecontroller. In some embodiments, the minimum modulation depth of atleast one of the groups of RFID devices is between 39% and 54%. In someembodiments, the signals have a carrier frequency between 30 and 300KHz. In some embodiments, the signals have a carrier frequency between30 KHz and 300 KHz. In some embodiments, the signals have a carrierfrequency between 3 and 30 MHz. In some embodiments, the signals have acarrier frequency between 300 MHz and 3 GHz.

A method of authenticating an RFID identification includes transmittinga command to respond to an RFID device installed on the RFIDidentification at a first modulation depth. The method further includesrepeating the following steps until a response is received from the RFIDdevice to determine a measured minimum modulation depth of the RFIDidentification: determining if a response is received from the RFIDdevice; and transmitting a command to respond to the RFID device at anincrementally higher modulation depth. The method further includesreceiving identifying information from the RFID device. The methodfurther includes obtaining a known minimum modulation depth of the RFIDidentification using the identifying information. The method furtherincludes comparing the measured minimum modulation depth to the knownminimum modulation depth. The method further includes determining thatthe RFID identification is not authentic if the measured minimummodulation depth is sufficiently different from the known minimummodulation depth.

In some embodiments, the first modulation depth is a value known to belower than the minimum modulation depth of all RFID identifications. Insome embodiments, the identification is a box label. In someembodiments, the identification is a personal photograph identification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of the prior art Q-algorithm.

FIG. 2 is a graph of a modulated reader signal according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is an exploded view and an angled isometric view of a tagaccording to one embodiment installed in a personal identification.

FIG. 5 is a system according to one embodiment installed in a workenvironment.

FIG. 6 is an angled isometric view of a tag according to one embodimentinstalled on a box.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an RFID reader according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Many wireless transmitters, including RFID systems, use signalmodulation to transmit information. A modulated signal includes acarrier wave and a signal wave. The carrier wave is generally apredictable repeating wave. The signal wave is added to the carrierwave, which alters the carrier wave from its normal characteristics.This combined wave is transmitted wirelessly and received by a receiver.The receiver is configured to receive the carrier wave and subtracts thecarrier wave from the signal wave (demodulating the signal). Thereceiver can thereby read the information contained in the signal wave.Modulation may include amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phasemodulation, etc. . . . . In the examples given herein, amplitudemodulation is used. In the amplitude modulation example, the combinedwave envelope is the signal wave, so the receiver uses an envelopedetector to demodulate the combined wave.

Modulation depth m is defined as the modulation amplitude divided by thecarrier signal amplitude, expressed as a percentage. The modulationamplitude is the peak (positive or negative) change in the RF amplitudefrom its unmodulated value. Therefore, a modulation depth m=100%indicates a signal wave envelope that varies between zero and twice thenormal amplitude of the carrier signal. A modulation depth of m=50% asignal wave envelope that varies between 50% and 100% of the normalamplitude of the carrier signal. A modulation depth of m=0% wouldindicate that no signal wave is being transmitted. FIG. 2 shows thevoltage V₀ of a combined wave envelope over time for a modulated signalhaving a modulation index 0<m<1 (i.e. a modulation depth of 0%<m<100%).

Each RFID tag has individual properties of antenna-chip impedancematching (resulting from manufacturing tolerances and discrepanciesbetween individual integrated circuits (ICs), antennas, packaging, etc.. . . ) and specific parameters of the charge pump and demodulatorcircuitry. Therefore, each RFID tag has its own threshold minimummodulation depth m₀ for the received reader signal needed in order tosuccessfully decode the command and respond. When the modulation depth mof the signal is smaller than this threshold value (m<m₀), the tag ICdoes not respond because it treats the demodulated signal with very lowmodulation depth as simply noise or as an invalid signal. However, theRFID tag continues to receive the carrier wave and remains powered on.In other words, minimum required modulation depth m₀ is a physicalcharacteristic unique to each tag, and each RFID tag will not respond toany signal having a modulation depth lower than its unique m₀.

Because minimum required modulation depth m₀ is a physicalcharacteristic unique to each tag, modulation depth can be used by theRFID reader to differentiate tags. Moreover, specific makes and modelsof tags have m₀ values that are in many cases similar to other units ofthat same make and model. This means that a system may contain varietyof makes and models and address subgroups of tags based on their makeand model.

Table 1 includes data for a list of exemplary RFID tags of differentmakes and models with different integrated circuit models. Table 1 showsthe sensitivity and minimum modulation depth m₀ for each RFID tag.

TABLE 1 Tag Make Tag Model IC Model Tag Sensitivity m_(o) A w 1 −12.3dBm 39% B x 1 −12.9 dBm 43% C y 1 −12.2 dBm 54% A z 2 −15.8 dBm 48%

In this example, all of the tags shown in Table 1 are within range ofthe RFID reader. The reader transmits a command with Q=0 (instructingall tags to respond) but with the modulation depth m=40%. Only the tagAw (Make A, model w) will respond to it, because m is lower than the m₀values for all of the other tags. Increasing the modulation depth to 45%(and using exactly the same command) will cause the tag Bx to respond.As m is increased, more tags will respond until an m value of at least54% is used (m₀ of tag Cy with the highest m₀), at which point all ofthe tags will respond. This allows the reader to exclusively addresssub-groups of tags as shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 shows a system according to one embodiment. The system includesan RFID reader 30, which includes transmitter Tx, circulator 32, antenna34, and receiver Rx. RFID reader 30 transmits signal 36 wirelessly toRFID tags 38 that are within range. In this embodiment, RFID reader 30transmits a first signal at 30% modulation depth, which causes shadedtags 1, 3, and 5 to respond. RFID reader 30 can address tags 1, 3, and 5at a 30% modulation depth, because tags 1, 3, and 5 have a minimummodulation depth (m₀) of less than or equal to 30%. Unshaded tags 2, 4,and 6 have an m₀ of greater than 30%, and will ignore the first signalbecause its modulation depth is too low. RFID reader 30 sends a secondsignal at a modulation depth of 70%. Since tags 1-6 all have an m₀ ofless than or equal to 70%, all tags 38 (including tags 2, 4, and 6)respond to the second signal. In this way, reader 30 can addressdifferent subgroups of tags 38. In some embodiments, calibration tags 38that have known minimum modulation depths are included in tag populationto improve identification accuracy.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a method of addressing one or more RFIDdevices within a group of RFID devices. Step S70 includes transmitting acommand to respond to the group at a first modulation depth. Step S72includes receiving a response from a first sub-group of RFID devices inthe group that have a minimum modulation depth less than or equal to thefirst modulation depth. Step S74 includes transmitting the command torespond to the group at a second modulation depth higher than the firstmodulation depth. Step S76 includes receiving a response from a secondsub-group of RFID devices within the group that have a minimummodulation depth less than or equal to the second modulation depth. StepS77 includes associating the first sub-group of RFID devices with afirst category of products. Step S78 includes associating the secondsub-group of RFID devices with a second category of products. Step S79includes identifying a product based on a minimum modulation depth of anRFID device associated with the product.

FIG. 8 shows an RFID reader 30 according to one embodiment. In thisembodiment reader 30 comprises controller 80 that controls the signals36 that are transmitted from reader 30 using transmitter Tx. Controller80 sets the modulation depth m of each signal transmitted from reader30. Controller 80 can thereby address specific sub-groups of tags 38based on modulation depth m, as described herein. Controller 80 alsoreceives communications from tags 38 via receiver Rx. Controller 80 canmodulate transmitted signals and demodulate received signals. In someembodiments, controller 80 uses amplitude modulation. In someembodiments, controller 80 also singulates groups of RFID tags using theQ-algorithm. Controller 80 may be a computer, ASIC, microcontroller, orother device capable of performing the tasks described herein.Controller 80 may include a CPU, RAM, ROM, storage media, signalprocessors, A/D converters, D/A converters, or any other necessaryhardware components.

In FIG. 5, tags 1-6 from FIG. 3 have been installed on opposing shelverows 50, 52 of a grocery store or warehouse aisle 54. Tags 2, 4, and 6are installed on row 52, and tags 1, 3, and 5 are installed on row 50.In various embodiments, tags 1-6 are installed in specific locations onrows 50 and 52 or are installed on individual product packages. Becausetags 1, 3, and 5 and 2, 4, and 6 respond as groups to different signalmodulation depths, they can be addressed separately. Therefore, if anoperator desires to scan, track, or locate products in a specific row50, 52, it is possible to do so by varying signal modulation depth asdescribed herein. The locations of operators within a facility can alsobe tracked based on which RFIDs are in their vicinity.

FIGS. 4 and 6 show RFID tags integrated into physical identifications.In FIG. 4, an RFID tag is integrated into a passport 40. RFID tag isincluded on RFID tag layer 44, which includes an antenna, and acontactless module 42 comprising an integrated circuit. Passport 40 alsoincludes the photo ID layer 46, cover 49, and protective layer 48. Ifany of these layers are altered or tampered with, the m₀ of the RFID tagin passport 44 will change. RFID reader 30 will either detect thischange or fail to communicate with the RFID tag at all once the m₀ ischanged from its original value. This change in m₀ occurs becausetampering disturbs the antenna/packaging impedance matching and othercharacteristics of the RFID circuitry. Therefore, reader 30 candetermine if the passport 40 (which has all correct ID and data) istruly authentic if the original m₀ for the passport 40 is known. Thisalteration of the m₀ will not be apparent to most counterfeiters, makingit a hidden security feature.

In FIG. 6, an RFID tag is integrated into a box label 62 on box 60. RFIDtags with different minimum modulation depths can be attached todifferent product packages and be used to identify different products orcategories of products. If label 62 is tampered with (i.e. by removaland reapplication on another box), the m₀ will be altered. As with thephoto ID example, RFID reader 30 will either detect this change or failto communicate with the RFID tag at all once the m₀ is changed from itsoriginal value. This alteration of the m₀ will not be apparent to mostsmugglers or thieves, making it a hidden security feature.

According to one embodiment, an RFID identification 40, 62 can beauthenticated by incrementally increasing the modulation depth of thesignal, starting at value known to be lower than the m₀ of all RFIDtags. The modulation depth of the first signal at which reader 30receives a response will be the measured minimum modulation depth. Oncecommunication is established, identification information is obtainedfrom the RFID tag. This identification information is used to look up aknown minimum modulation depth of the RFID identification. If the knownminimum modulation depth differs sufficiently from the measured minimummodulation depth, this is evidence of tampering or counterfeiting andcan be used as a basis for rejecting the RFID identification.

FIG. 9 shows a method of authenticating an RFID identification. Step S90includes transmitting a command to respond to an RFID device installedon the RFID identification. Step S91 includes determining if a responseis received from the RFID device. Step S92 includes incrementallyincreasing the modulation depth if no response is received from the RFIDdevice. Steps S90-S92 are repeated until a response is received from theRFID device in Step S91. The measured minimum modulation depth is themodulation depth at which a response is first received from the RFIDdevice. Step S93 includes receiving identifying information from theRFID device if a response is received from the RFID device. Step S94includes obtaining a known minimum modulation depth of the RFIDidentification using the identifying information. Step S95 includescomparing the measured minimum modulation depth to the known minimummodulation depth to determine if the measured minimum modulation depthis sufficiently close to the known minimum modulation depth. Step S96includes determining that the RFID identification is not authentic ifthe measured minimum modulation depth is not sufficiently close to theknown minimum modulation depth. Step S97 includes determining that theRFID identification is authentic if the measured minimum modulationdepth is sufficiently close to the known minimum modulation depth.

The systems and methods described herein have several advantageousfeatures. First, they provide the ability to address subgroups of tagsdirectly without full singulation of their EPC IDs. After this iscompleted, tags can be singulated using other methods, but in smallergroups. This results in faster singulation and faster tag read rate.Second, the methods result in physically tamper-resistantauthentication. Third, they provide the ability to address and maintainsubgroups of tags indefinitely. In current Gen2 protocol, group markers(called persistence flags) expire in several minutes and reset todefaults due to discharge of internal tag capacitors. The m₀ is apermanent identifying feature of each tag, which does not expire.

The methods described herein can be implemented in current RFID readers.The methods described herein can also be used for RFID systems have alow carrier frequency (30 KHz to 300 KHz), high carrier frequency (3 to30 MHz), and ultra-high carrier frequency (300 MHz to 3 GHz).

Although the invention has been described with reference to embodimentsherein, those embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention.Modifications to those embodiments or different embodiments may fallwithin the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of addressing one or more RFID deviceswithin a group of RFID devices, comprising: transmitting, to the groupat a first modulation depth, a first command to respond; receiving aresponse to the first command from a first sub-group of RFID devices inthe group that have a minimum modulation depth less than or equal to thefirst modulation depth; transmitting, to the group at a secondmodulation depth higher than the first modulation depth, a secondcommand to respond; receiving a response to the second command from asecond sub-group of RFID devices within the group that have a minimummodulation depth less than or equal to the second modulation depth; andidentifying the second sub-group of RFID devices from the firstsub-group of RFID devices based on the second sub-group of RFID devicesnot responding to the first command sent but responding to the secondcommand.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performingsingulation on the first sub-group.
 3. The method of claim 2, whereinthe singulation is performed using the Q-algorithm.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: associating the first sub-group of RFIDdevices with a first category of products; and associating the secondsub-group of RFID devices with a second category of products.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, further comprising: identifying a product based on aminimum modulation depth of an RFID device associated with the product.6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing one of the firstsub-group of RFID devices in a first location; placing one of the secondsub-group of RFID devices in a second location; and identifying thefirst or second location based on a minimum modulation depth of the RFIDdevice at that location.
 7. An RFID system, comprising; a transmitterthat transmits signals to a first group of RFID devices and a secondgroup of RFID devices, the first group of RFID devices having a firstminimum modulation depth, and the second group of RFID devices having asecond minimum modulation depth higher than the first minimum modulationdepth; and a controller that uses the transmitter to send a first signalto the first and second groups of RFID devices at a first modulationdepth, and send a second signal to the first and second groups of RFIDdevices at a second modulation depth, wherein the first modulation depthbeing greater than or equal to the first minimum modulation depth andless than the second minimum modulation depth, wherein the secondmodulation depth being greater than or equal to the second minimummodulation depth, wherein the first group of RFID devices responding tothe first and second signals, and wherein the second group of RFIDdevices responding to the second signal and not responding to the firstsignal.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the controller singulates thefirst group of RFID devices.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein thecontroller uses the Q-algorithm to singulate the first group of RFIDdevices.
 10. The system of claim 7, wherein the RFID system furtherincludes: a receiver that receives signals from the RFID devices. 11.The system of claim 10, wherein the controller demodulates signalsreceived with the receiver.
 12. The system of claim 7, wherein thesignals are amplitude modulated.
 13. The system of claim 7, furthercomprising: an RFID device having a minimum modulation depth that isstored in the controller.
 14. The system of claim 7, wherein the minimummodulation depth of at least one of the groups of RFID devices isbetween 39% and 54%.
 15. The system of claim 7, wherein the signals havea carrier frequency between 30 and 300 KHz.
 16. The system of claim 7,wherein the signals have a carrier frequency between 3 and 30 MHz. 17.The system of claim 7, wherein the signals have a carrier frequencybetween 300 MHz and 3 GHz.
 18. A method of authenticating an RFIDidentification, comprising: transmitting, at a first modulation depth, afirst signal comprising a command to respond to an RFID device installedon the RFID identification; determining if a response is received fromthe RFID device; transmitting a second signal comprising a command torespond to the RFID device at a higher modulation depth; receivingidentifying information from the RFID device; obtaining a known minimummodulation depth of the RFID identification using the identifyinginformation; comparing a measured minimum modulation depth of the RFIDidentification to the known minimum modulation depth; and determiningthat the RFID identification is not authentic if the measured minimummodulation depth is sufficiently different from the known minimummodulation depth.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the firstmodulation depth is a value known to be lower than the minimummodulation depth of all RFID identifications
 20. The method of claim 18,wherein the RFID identification is a personal photograph identification.